Winner-take-all dynamics

Mitigation strategy

1. Implement rigorous and forward-looking antitrust enforcement, specifically targeting anticompetitive practices unique to general-purpose AI, such as algorithmic collusion, exclusionary leveraging of proprietary data, and refusals to deal on essential AI infrastructure and models, to safeguard competitive market dynamics. 2. Mandate technical interoperability standards for general-purpose AI systems and associated infrastructure to reduce vendor lock-in, enable seamless third-party access, and lower barriers to entry for smaller developers and start-ups, thereby counteracting power centralization. 3. Institute proactive policies for benefit sharing, including mechanisms to democratize access to critical AI development resources, such as high-end computational power and large-scale datasets, to promote inclusive economic growth and technological self-determination across diverse market segments.